Cultural Studies has also shown us that even life may be seen as a system of signs and codes. If we look at organisms carefully we will find that these also produce and interpret signs and we interpret those signs according to our own scientific training and technology.

Many believe that the universe itself is a system of codes, though we have not been able to decipher and decode in its entirety. Our universe and the organisms in it – including ourselves – are in a semiosphere which comprises the following: