Catalysts

For HDS process s ulfided 2-3 % Co-12-15% Mo supported on Al₂O₃ catalysts and for HDN process 2-3 % Ni 12-15% Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts are reported to be more active. For HDM process MoS supported on large pore Al₂O₃ is suitable. Boron, phosphorus and potassium are frequently used as promoters. Addition of phosphorous increases the activity for HDN.

 

Deactivation

Deactivation occurs through poisoning and plugging of pores by metal. This can be minimized by stage wise HDM/HDS with moving bed where fresh/regenerated catalyst is added from top and deactivated catalysts are removed from bottom. Formation of coke which is another major source of deactivation can be controlled by periodical burning off.

 

Book reference:

• C. H. Bartholomew and R. J. Farrauto, Fundamentals of Industrial catalytic Processes, Wiley, VCH, 2006

 

Journal reference

1. 1. M. A. Rodríguez, J. Ancheyta, Fuel 90 (2011) 3492–3508