Module 9 : J.L.AUSTIN

Presentation - 24 to 27

 

Performative statements can be constituted in request form. For example, "I request you not to sound". This statement can be substituted with another statement, i.e., "please do not sound!".Here, it is a performative statement, and we can't find the indicative mode in this statement.There are certain other occasions as well where perfomative statements do not maintain their status as well. For example: "Good morning", "Thanks", etc. These words can be replaced by statements, and these statements need not to be presented in the active voice. For example, when we are saying "We promise…", this is not considered as the first person singular. Another example, "Be aware of dog". Thus, some sentences may be considered as performative by dint of their logical character, but not due to their grammatical character.

Then question arises can we claim something about their 'universality' through which all the performative statements can be treated as either happy or unhappy? The answer is, though it is judged as happy or unhappy, yet it can be treated as true or false. Take an example, "I warn you that there is a snake in the garden". It is a performative statement. So it can be judged as either happy or unhappy, or sincere or insincere. But if there is no such snake found in the garden which is known after entering into the garden, then this statement is turned out to be false. It is no less a false warning than that "sugar is sour" is a false statement.

Similar to this proposal, it is noticed that constative statements are not often characterized as 'true' or 'false'. For example; The present king of France is bald. This statement can be judged as unhappy because it is neither true nor false.

Further, Austin said that irrespective of their (constative and performative statements) overlapping nature, performative statements imply an action, and descriptive (constative) statements amount to assert something about the facts of the world. But these two phenomena need not be necessarily true always. For example, "Cigarette smoking causes cancer". This is a performative statement but it is not distinguishable from the constative statement.