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Different types of gradients and IRC recommendations for their maximum and
minimum limit were discussed.
At points of combination of horizontal curve and gradient, grade compensation
has to be provided.
Due to changes in grade in the vertical alignment of the highway, vertical
curves become essential.
Summit curve, which is a type of vertical curve was discussed in detail in the
chapter.
One of the application of summit curves that can be seen usually in the urban
areas are where fly-overs come.
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