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Shoulders are provided along the road edge and is intended for accommodation of
stopped vehicles, serve as an emergency lane for vehicles and provide lateral
support for base and surface courses.
The shoulder should be strong enough to bear the weight of a fully loaded truck
even in wet conditions.
The shoulder width should be adequate for giving working space around a stopped
vehicle.
It is desirable to have a width of 4.6 m for the shoulders.
A minimum width of 2.5 m is recommended for 2-lane rural highways in India.
Parking lanes are provided in urban lanes for side parking.
Parallel parking is preferred because it is safe for the vehicles moving on the
road.
The parking lane should have a minimum of 3.0 m width in the case of parallel
parking.
Bus bays are provided by recessing the kerbs for bus stops.
They are provided so that they do not obstruct the movement of vehicles in the
carriage way.
They should be at least 75 meters away from the intersection so that the
traffic near the intersections is not affected by the bus-bay.
Service roads or frontage roads give access to access controlled highways like
freeways and expressways.
They run parallel to the highway and will be usually isolated by a separator
and access to the highway will be provided only at selected points.
These roads are provided to avoid congestion in the expressways and also the
speed of the traffic in those lanes is not reduced.
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