7. MAJOR CONSEQUENCES OF CHEMICALLY DEGRADED SOILS

1. Environmental pollution / contamination
2. Bioaccumulation in plants and animals tissue
3. Accumulation of heavy metals

a) Narrow Concentration Range – The margin between beneficial and
harmful is narrow

b) Food Chain – Plants, animals and humans

4. Eutrophication

Prevention of Inorganic Chemical Contamination

1. Reduce the application to soil
2. Immobilize the toxins – maintain pH≥7.0
3. Removal of toxins – Remediation (“Clean up”)

Physical Remediation

1. Incineration
2. Vacuum Extraction
3. Soil washing / Flushing
4. Leaching
5. Heating

Biological Remediation (Bioremediation)

1. Microbial Action

2. Phytoremediation

i) Phyto Extraction - Hyperaccumulation
ii) Enhanced Rhizosphere Phytoremediation
iii) Phytostabilization
iv) Phytodegradation
v) Phytovolatilization