Q9. In each cycle, the Na⁺-K⁺ pump transfers ____K⁺ ions in the cell and ____ Na⁺out of the cell. 

Q10. Bacterial lactose permease is a symporter of lactose and H⁺. When the lactose concentrations in the cytosol and in the extracellular space are identical but the pH's in the two locations are different as indicated below, which direction would lactose be transported? Explain briefly why you think that way.  

Q11. Why the sodium-potassium transport mechanism is called a pump? 

Q12. Explain Na⁺/K⁺ pump with a schematic diagram. 

Q13. Explain Ca²⁺ pump with a schematic diagram 

Q14. What are the types of permeases? 

 

 

References

1. Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W. Pratt (2008); Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level: Chapter 10 Membrane transport, 3rd Edition
2. M. Lodish (2003); Molecular cell biology: Chapter 7 Transport of ions and small molecules across cell membranes, 5th edition
3. Toyoshima, C., M. Nakasako, H. Nomura, and H. Ogawa (2000); Crystal structure of the calcium pump of sarcoplasmatic reticulum at 2.6 Å resolution, Nature. 405:647–655.