How to calculate effective capaciance when capacitors are in series and in parallel.
Dielectrics are material in which, unlike in conductors, the valence electrons are not detached from the parent
atoms.
In the absence of an electric field the dipoles in a dielectric have their moments directed randomly. In the presence
of an electric field, these dipoles get partially aligned in the direction of the field as a result of which a dielectric acquires a net dipole moment.
The polarization effect can be attributed as arising out of bound charges in the dielectric. The charge density in the
medium consists of free and bound charges.
The net electric field in a dielectric is due to both polarization effect and the field produced by external charges. One
can define an electric displacement vector as a vector sum of fields due to polarization and the electric field vector. Gauss's law can be modified appropriately for such a situation in a way that the flux of the dsplacement vector is given by only the enclosed free charges.
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