Module 8 : Specialized Traffic Studies
Lecture 43 : Fuel Consumption and Emission Studies
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Bharat Stage Emission Standards

Bharat Stage emissions standards are emissions standards instituted by the Government of the Republic of India that regulate the output of certain major air pollutants (such as nitrogen oxides $ (NO_x)$, carbon monoxide $ (CO)$, hydrocarbons $ (HC)$, particulate matter $ (PM)$, sulfur oxides $ (SO_x)$) by vehicles and other equipment using internal combustion engines. They are comparable to the European emissions standards. India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-dc from the year 2000. For two and three wheeled vehicles, the Indian emission regulations are applied. As per the current requirement, all transport vehicles must carry a fitness certificate which is to be renewed each year after the first two years of new vehicle registration. The National Fuel Policy announced on October 6, 2003, a phased program for implementing the EU emission standards in India by 2010. The implementation schedule of EU emission standards in India is summarized in Table. 1.
Table 1: Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles), Source: Emission Norms, SIAM India
Standard Reference Date Region
India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide
    2001 NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
Bharat Stage II Euro 2 2003.04 NCR*, 13 Cities**
    2005.04 Nationwide
Bharat Stage III Euro 3 2005.04 NCR*, 13 Cities**
    2010.04 Nationwide
Bharat Stage IV Euro 4 2010.04 NCR*, 13 Cities**
* National Capital Region (Delhi)
** Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad,
Pune, Surat, Kanpur, Lucknow, Sholapur, Jamshedpur and Agra

Some of the important emission standards for different vehicle types are given in the following tables (Table. 2 - 5).
Table 2: Emission Standards for Diesel Truck and Bus Engines, g/kWh, Source: Emission Norms, SIAM India
Year Reference Test $ CO$ $ HC$ $ NO_x$ $ PM$
1992 - ECE 17.3- 2.7-3.7 - -
    R49 32.6      
1996 - ECE 11.2 2.4 14.4 -
    R49        
2000 Euro I ECE 4.5 1.1 8 0.36*
    R49        
2005** Euro II ECE 4 1.1 7 0.15
    R49        
2010** Euro III ESC 2.1 0.66 5 0.1
    ETC 5.45 0.78 5 0.16
2010# Euro IV ESC 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02
    ETC 4 0.55 3.5 0.03
* 0.612 for engines below 85 kW
** earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table. [*] # only in selected
regions, see Table. [*]


Table 3: Emission Standards for 3-Wheel Wheel Gasoline Vehicles, g/km, Source: Emission Norms, SIAM India
Year $ CO$ $ HC$ $ HC+NO_x$
1991 Dec- 08- -
  30 Dec  
1996 6.75 - 5.4
2000 4 - 2
2005 (BS II) 2.25 - 2
2010.04 (BS III) 1.25 - 1.25


Table 4: Emission Standards for 2- Wheel Gasoline Vehicles, g/km, Source: Emission Norms, SIAM India
Year $ CO$ $ HC$ $ HC+NO_x$
1991 Dec- 08- -
  30 Dec  
1996 5.5 - 3.6
2000 2 - 2
2005 (BS II) 1.5 - 1.5
2010.04 (BS III) 1 - 1


Table 5: Emission Standards for 4 - Wheel Gasoline Vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg), g/km, Source: Emission Norms, SIAM India
Year Reference $ CO$ $ HC$ $ HC+NO_x$ $ NO_x$
1991 - 14.3- 2.0- -  
    27.1 2.9    
1996 - 8.68- -    
    12.4   3.00-4.36  
1998* - 4.34- -    
    6.20   1.50-2.18  
2000 Euro 1 2.72- -    
    6.90   0.97-1.70  
2005** Euro 2 2.2-5.0 - 0.5-0.7  
    2.3 0.2   0.15
2010** Euro 3 4.17 0.25 - 0.18
    5.22 0.29   0.21
    1 0.1   0.08
2010# Euro 4 1.81 0.13 - 0.1
    2.27 0.16   0.11
* for catalytic converter fitted vehicles
** earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table. [*] # only
in selected regions, see Table. [*]