11.9.3.4 Hiyama Coupling

Hiyama coupling can be successfully carried out using nickel catalysts at moderate temperature (Scheme 13).

Scheme 13

11.9.3.5 Stille Coupling

Stille coupling is also effective with nickel complexes at moderate temperature (Scheme 14).

Scheme 14

11.9.3.6 Reductive Aldehyde and Diene Coupling

Addition of dienes to aldehydes has emerged as a useful reaction to yield ρ,δ- unsaturated or δ, ε -unsaturated alcohols (Scheme 15). The reaction is initiated either by formation of an oxametallocycle or by hydrometallation of the diene.

Scheme 15