Module 1 : Atmospheric Composition and Principles of Contaminant Behavior

Lecture 3 : The Greenhouse Effect on Earth

Contrails and Climate

Contrails are artificial clouds made by the exhaust of the aircraft engines, or the wingtip vortices
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrail). Contrails produced by the heavy air traffic over the US may have noticeable influences on the weather…

  • Commercial air traffic were suspended for three days after the Sept. 11, 2001 attack. This provided a rare chance for the climate scientist to test their theory…
  • Measurements show that without contrails the local difference of day and night-time temperatures was about 1 degree Celsius higher than immediately before the attack…

How About The CO2 Cycle?

The CO2 cycle acts as a thermostat that regulates the temperature of the Earth…

If Earth warms up a bit, then

  • carbonate minerals form in the oceans at a higher rate.
  • The rate at which the oceans dissolve CO2 gas increases, pulling CO2 out of the atmosphere.
  • The reduced atmospheric CO2 concentration leads to a weakened greenhouse effect that counteracts the initial warming and cools the planet back down.

If Earth cools a bit,

  • carbonate minerals form more slowly in the oceans.
  • The rate at which the oceans dissolve CO2 gas decreases, allowing the CO2 released by volcanism to build back up in the atmosphere.
  • The increased CO2 concentration strengthens the greenhouse effect and warms the planet back up

Feedback Loop

– Mechanisms that make things worse…

– e.g., Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere leading to the release of more CO2

– Mechanisms that are self-correcting…

– e.g., Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere leading to higher rate of CO2 removal, such as our CO2 cycle.