Deactivation

Catalyst deactivation mainly occurs by deposition of coke on catalysts surface that can be removed by periodic burn-off. The other source of deactivation is presence of sulfur and nitrogen metals in feed. The S and N metals can be removed by feed pretreatment.

Fig. 8. Various lumped kinetic models for hydrocracking reactions (a) Three lump model [8] (b) Four lump model [9] (c) Five lump model [10] (d) Seven lump model [11]

Book reference:  

•  C. H. Bartholomew and R. J. Farrauto, Fundamentals of Industrial catalytic Processes, Wiley, VCH, 2006

Publication reference :

1.  L. Lloyd, D.E. Ridler, M.V. Twigg, Catalysts Handbook, ed M.V. Twigg Wolfe, Chap6, pp 283-338

2.  C.V. Ovensen, B.S. Clausen, B.S. Hammershøi, G. Steffensen, T. Askgaard, I. Chorkendorff, J.K.Nørskow, P.B.Rasmussen, P. Stoltze, P.Taylor J. Catal. 158 (1996) 170-180

3.  B.W. Wojciechowski, A. Corma, Catalytic cracking, catalysts chemistry and kinetics, Marcel Dekkar, New York ,1986

4.  J. Ancheyta-Juárez , F. López-Isunza ,E. Aguilar-Rodríguez, Appl. Catal. A: General 177 (1999) 227-235

5.  M. Heydari, H. AleEbrahim, B. Dabir, Amer. J. of Appl. Sci. 7 (2010) 71-76

6.  S. Mohanty, D. Kunzru, D. N. Saraf, Fuel, 69 (1990) 1467

7.  J. Ancheyta, S. Sánchez, M. A. Rodríguez, Catalysis Today 109 (2005) 76–92

8.  M. A. Callejas, M.T. Martínez, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 38 (1999) 3285–3289

9.  D.I. Orochko, Khimiya I Tekhnologiya Toplivi Masel 8 (1970) 2–6.

10.  S. Sánchez, M. A. Rodríguez, J. Ancheyta, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44 (2005) 9409–9413

11.  R. Krishna, A. K. Saxena, Chem. Eng. Sci.44 (1989) 703–712.