An important formulation regarding the cultural flows of globalization is suggested by Arjun Appadurai who sees the currents of global flows as disjunctive or unconnected and not necessarily linear. These flows are termed ethnoscapes, technoscapes, financescapes, mediascapes and ideoscapes. That is, globalization affects the ethnic, the technological, finance / capital, media and ideologies but not as a grand unified narrative. These flows are contingent, even chaotic where events are overdetermined (having more causes than can be accounted for). In Appadurai's words:

“Metaphors of uncertainty, contingency and chaos are replacing those of order, stability and systematicity. Globalization and global cultural flows cannot be understood through neat sets of linear determinations. Rather, they are better comprehended as a series of overlapping, overdetermined, complex and chaotic conditions which, at best, cluster around key ‘nodal points'.”