From the Table 3 the following conclusions can be drawn:

• The maximum power required to move the vehicle on this drive cycle is about 108.8 kW, hence, the prime mover (combination of ICE and EM in case of HEVs and EM in case of EVs) should be able to deliver the required power.
• The maximum braking power is about 46 kW and a fraction this power can be recovered by using regenerative braking.
• The maximum and minimum acceleration that the vehicle experiences are 2.3m/s² and 0.8m/s². EMs are better suited for such rapid acceleration because the torque produced by the EMs have higher overloading factor compared to ICEs, hence, a smaller EM will be sufficient. For regions where there is constant acceleration, the required power can be supplied by a combination of ICE and EM.
• Moreover, from Figure 4 and 5 it can be seen that the vehicle is subjected to frequent start-stop however, there are time intervals where the vehicle travels at constant speed. Since the ICEs tend to be very fuel inefficient for such frequent start-stop operation, it is wise to use only EM as the prime mover. In the constant speed regions only ICE can be used to deliver the required power.

Extra Urban Driving Cycle EUDC

The European drive cycle is composed of the ECE (Urban Driving Cycle) and a recently introduced Extra Urban Drive Cycle For emissions certification, the ECE is repeated 4 times and then the EUDC once. The EUDC (Extra Urban Driving Cycle) segment has been added after the fourth ECE cycle to account for more aggressive, high speed driving modes. The maximum speed of the EUDC cycle is 120 km/h. An alternative EUDC cycle for low-powered vehicles has been also defined with a maximum speed limited to 90 km/h. The Extra Urban Driving Cycle EUDC is as shown in Figure 6 .

The driving cycle parameters for Extra Urban Driving Cycle EUDC are as shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Parameters of EUDC