Lecture 29 : Braced cuts [ Section 29.5 : Stability checks for designing a braced excavation: ]
Piping failure
For piping failure, the factor of safety = i / . where, i is the exit gradient and is the critical gradient. Factor of safety for piping failure should be more than 1.3.
. where, i is the exit gradient and 
is the critical gradient. Factor of safety for piping failure should be more than 1.3. 
