Table 1.3 . Typical values of fouling coefficients and resistances ( [2]; page 640) .
Fluid |
Coefficient (W.m-2.°C-1) |
Resistance (m2 .°C.W-1 ) |
River water |
3000-12,000 |
0.0003-0.0001 |
Sea water |
1000-3000 |
0.001-0.0003 |
Cooling water (towers) |
3000-6000 |
0.0003-0.00017 |
Towns water (soft) |
3000-5000 |
0.0003-0.0002 |
Towns water (hard) |
1000-2000 |
0.001-0.0005 |
Steam condensate |
1500-5000 |
0.00067-0.0002 |
Steam (oil free) |
4000- 10,000 |
0.0025-0.0001 |
Steam (oil traces) |
2000-5000 |
0.0005-0.0002 |
Refrigerated brine |
3000-5000 |
0.0003-0.0002 |
Air and industrial gases |
5000-10,000 |
0.0002-0.0001 |
Flue gases |
2000-5000 |
0.0005-0.0002 |
Organic vapors |
5000 |
0.0002 |
Organic liquids |
5000 |
0.0002 |
Light hydrocarbons |
5000 |
0.0002 |
Heavy hydrocarbons |
2000 |
0.0005 |
Boiling organics |
2500 |
0.0004 |
Condensing organics |
5000 |
0.0002 |
Heat transfer fluids |
5000 |
0.0002 |
Aqueous salt solutions |
3000-5000 |
0.0003-0.0002 |