5-3.1.3(d). Disadvantages

• The transformation efficiency may be lower than Agrobacterium- mediated transformation.
  
  
• Specialized equipment is needed. Moreover the device and consumables are costly.
  
  
• Associated cell damage can occur.
  
  
• The target tissue should have regeneration capacity.
  
  
• Random integration is also a concern.
  
  
• Chances of multiple copy insertions could cause gene silencing.

5-3.1.4. Sonoporation

• Sonoporation involves the use of ultrasound for temporary permeabilization of the cell membrane allowing the uptake of DNA, drugs or other therapeutic compounds from the extracellular environment.
  
  
• This method leaves the compound trapped inside the cell after ultrasound exposure.
  
  
• It employs the acoustic cavitation of micro bubbles for enhancing the delivery of large molecules like DNA.The micro bubbles form complex with DNA followed by injection and ultrasound treatment to deliver DNA into the target cells.
  
  
• Unlike other methods of transfection, sonoporation combines the capability to enhance gene and drug transfer.