People's Movement and Environment are related to Capitalist Agriculture and Peasant Resistance Movements, Modern Environmentalism, Conservation, Environmental Science, Policy and Economics. Integrating Environment and Development in Decision-Making, Integrating Environment and Development at the Policy, Planning and Management Levels, Providing an Effective Legal and Regulatory Framework, Making Effective Use of Economic Instruments and Market and Other Incentives and Establishing System for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting are also related to global environmental movements. Different countries have started their environment movements too, for example, early Interest in American Ecology, emphasized on Public Awareness and Environmental Consciousness. Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Endangered Species, Public Lands, Toxic Waste Cleanup, Garbage Recycling were in this agenda during 1970's. Similarly most of the countries have shown their concern through movements and managed ecological balance.
In India, environment movements have been contributing in environment protection and development. Women in Peasant Movements in India, Mukti Sangharsh and Stri Mukti Sangharsh, Shetkari Sanghatana and Shetkari Mahila Aghadi, Narmada Valley Project and Chipko Movement. Other Green Movements are the Alternative Lifestyle Groups, the Japanese Environmental Movement, The Netherlands, Water Management and Regulation of Quality and Quantity, Australia green party, Germany's electoral development. Other environmental groups emphasize on the Green washing of Corporate "Culture", Corporate Codes of Conduct, Responsible Care, ICC, Business Charter for Sustainable Development. Further, eco-philosophy, Eco-feminism, Values, From Primary 'Goods' to Ethical Values, 'Ecology Movement'.
Responsible business practice fosters a competitive edge through efficiency in production, minimum generation of waste, and a more productive and health work force. Companies that were once vastly more preoccupied with "end of the pipe" solutions to environmental compliance regulations have changed their focus. Environmental considerations are now having a powerful effect on a broad array of professional field in new and creative ways. Opportunities for individual seeking a "green" or environmentally responsible career are available in may diverse categories on the international, national, state, and local levels; in private, public, and non-profit sectors; within different fields and industries and organizations. There are many career opportunities available to people who want to help make the earth a cleaner and greener place in which to live. In careers as different from one another as agriculture and banking, individuals are applying their passion and their passion and their skills to contribute to a sustainable earth. The following is a sample of the industries that are currently being affected by environmental legislation, consumer demands, and environmental management practices. Most of the jobs and industries intersect, and many of them are rapidly changing, but all of them are experiencing an increased demand for workers who are environmentally literate. Greening of job sector includes agriculture and food processing, banking and finance, industries, communication, consulting, education, design and art, energy, entrepreneurship, health, law and international opportunities. As more people educate themselves about how environmental health affects their own health and well being, the desire for petrochemical-free, pesticide-free food and fabrics grows. The result has been an increase in the demand for organically grown fruits, vegetables, and grains. The same is true for natural fibres, such as cotton, and niche products, such as baby food and chocolates made form organic cocoa, job possibilities in the agricultural and processing industries range from non-toxic pest management to the retail sale of organic food and clothing; from entrepreneurial ventures to non-profit opportunities in research, education, and advocacy. Many banks are now making environmental issues and integral part of their internal operations, investment criteria, and financial services. In addition, the banking and finance industries, like corporations in many other fields, are creating corporate environmental policies that promote internal energy efficiency and reduce waste. They are also carefully factoring environmental assessments into loan and investment standards. Furthermore, international banks are beginning to conduct debt-for-nature swaps with countries that harbour threatened land areas like rain forests, for example and are offering their investors investment funds and portfolios screened for environmental performance. Job opportunities are available for people with credit and finance background in banks, at non-profit corporations researching environment and finance, and in international development at organizations such as the World Bank. Because profit s within the chemical industry depends on remaining in compliance with environmental regulations, this one area where top management officials consistently place high priority on environmental sensitivity. Monsanto, Dupont, Dow, Kodak, and other spend millions of dollars yearly to meet environmental regulations. Nearly all top and middle managers in the chemical industry have an environmental component in their job descriptions. Environmental engineers, compliance administrators and marketing managers who are environmentally literate are in demands. As the communications industry continues to expand with huge growth sectors such as telecommunications, cable networks, and on-line computer networks such as eco-net and bio-net, there is a corresponding demand of individuals who can translate environmental information for the general public. Opportunities for public relations managers, researchers, writers, and journalists who gather, analyze, and disseminate environmental knowledge are available in both publication business and in corporations. People with computer skills, a CD-ROM design background, or electronic publishing experience can put their talents to use translating technical data and eco-information. Consultants help shape companies in a multitude of ways ranging from energy use to packaging design to manufacturing processes to employee training and development. For example as companies begin to distribute more environmental information to their stakeholders and to the public, green audits and full-cost accounting systems need to be developed to quantify and track environmental management and performance in company operations. Consulting offers opportunities for people interested in environmental management, especially for individuals processing a technical and management skills. Consumer products: in response to the growing consumer demand for products developed with the environment in mind, companies continue to look for ways to make their products lines more environmentally friendly. Therefore, product mangers need to stay on top of new environmental regulations that might affect the packaged goods industry, such as trends in recycling and package design for products ranging from laundry detergent to toothpaste. Once again environmentally literate candidates are actively sought. Architects, industrial designers, graphic designers, and fashion designers have a wide selection of structures, forms, processes, and materials available for use in their products. Until recently, many products were deliberately designed for obsolescence, ensuring and ongoing consumer demand for replacements. Today, however, designers are emphasizing the creation of more energy efficient products that require fewer natural resources in their manufacture or construction. Additionally, many fine artists, architects, and conceptual artists work with city agencies to offer creative and thoughtful solutions to urban environmental problems. Education is, in part, how we came to realize there was an environmental crisis in the first place. The more we learn, the more we realize how little we understand of the basic interconnectedness of all living things, and the more we realize we have yet to learn. By the year 2010, almost all countries of the world will adopt legislation requiring that environmental concepts be included in the curricula for kindergarten to twelfth grade. At the college level, both environmental science and environmental studies are to be taught. Less formal educational opportunities are also growing, worldwide. Opportunities for environmentally literate teachers, teacher trainers, curriculum developers, and librarians continue to grow. Environmentally responsible career opportunities in the energy sector range form energy conservation programmes instituted by public utilities. Energy industry managers are changing their concept of energy use to include conservation practices. Job possibilities for communications specialists, planners, and technical experts continue to grow as our energy needs are reconsidered for office buildings and commercial real estate, mass transit, and households, opportunities for the construction trades and for architectural design firms to upgrade their energy conservation service to their clients will also continue to flourish in the coming years.
Environment refers to physical and social envelope within which one lives. As pollution affects our lives and health, social environment affects our mental attributes. Entrepreneurship is one such attribute which might be a result of interaction with the environment. To understand the relationship of environment and behavior, three aspects need to be noted: 1. Behavior occurs in a particular environmental context that imposes major constraints on the range of its expression determining the particular patterns of an individual's behavior. 2. There are certain qualities of environment which may exert generalized effects on the broader responses within the individual. 3. Behavior is directed in a variety of ways governed by attributes and characteristics of the environment. Relationship in the behaviourist terms is a function of environment of object leading to positive or negative reinforcements. The relationship between the social environment and the individual is reciprocal. Factors such as risk taking, willingness to learn, self confidence, creativity, goal orientation, set goals are related to entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs and Small Business which are environmentally sensitive small firms and start-ups should thrive, as they will be better equipped to fill niches and adapt to rapidly changing markets. Individuals are eagerly establishing their own consulting firms creating products and offering services that solve environmental problems and meet consumer demands for "green" products. Creativity, access to capital, and good management skills are all critical to the growth of this sector of the economy. From technology to furniture design, form retail to health services, job possibilities for environmental experts continue to grow. Enterprises involved in environmental cleanup offer job opportunities for individuals with diverse skills, ranging from finance and water monitoring to testing, accounting, and marketing. Such jobs include working with the maintenance services of municipalities and privately owned recycling programmes, as well as in the development f prevention technologies for industry. Form participating in the cleanup of sites of pollution control, asbestos abatement, and solid waste disposal, the possibilities within both existing companies and start-ups are abundant. Health concern ranging form lead poisoning to reactions of off-gassing form petrochemicals in office carpeting have forced health officials to examine more closely the relationship between health and the environment. A plethora of environmental problems like air pollution in cities water quality issues; tainted fish from polluted seas; and chemical hormones force-fed to livestock, have created the dire need for health professionals to conduct research, disseminate information, and help crate appropriate public policy. When the borders many countered opened after globalization the acute environmental degradation in these geographic areas was dramatically revealed. Clearly, job opportunities exist here for people who can provide technical cleanup and waste prevention expertise. This same situation holds true for many developing countries. International environmental issues demand assistance form most professional fields: consulting, engineering, management, environmental services, education, and health. Those with the appropriate combination of language skills and environmental knowledge will find opportunities to work in the globalized market. Some environmental issues are regulated nationally on central, state, and local levels, while others are dealt with internationally, environmental law is integral every functional area of the work force, form accounting, marketing, finance, and management, to public policy and grassroots organizing. Therefore, every individual with benefit form a basic understanding of it. Opportunities range from lobbying on behalf of non-profit organizations to helping to develop government policy to working in environmental divisions of national and international bodies. Therefore, there is a great potential of these careers in terms of India's sustainable development.
Many organizations are contributing to and may contribute in the business related to environment, resulting in sustainable development. To mention a few of these are public sectors, non- profit organizations and some private sector organizations. Non-profit organizations can be as varied as public interest groups, foundations think tanks, labour unions, and trade association. Each of these groups needs analysts and communicators to study, question, track progress, and plan strategy on national and international environmental issues. Thousand of non-profit group have come into being since 1970. They are always in need of well-rounded professionals, including those who offer scientific and legal skills and those who can market, manage, and control the growth and maintenance of these organizations. Environmentally literate individuals with talents in advertising, public relations, administration, and fundraising often choose to put them to use in these sectors. The public sector, governmental agencies and departments, employs key environmental individuals in jobs as diverse as consultants, attorneys, accountants, public relations manages, information specialists, scientists, and computer specialists,. The central and state pollution control boards and local departments of environmental protection, conservation, and sanitation all make available information on careers opportunities for individuals wishing to combine their employment with a commitment to environmental responsibility. Many private organizations are developing and are involved in waste management technologies, projects and policies in India. All these organizations are making significant contribution towards India's sustainable development.
As discussed earlier, environmental Information System has become an important tool for management of environment related issues, hence sustainable development. n the wake of the 1972, Stockholm Conference on human environment and the Earth Summit at Rio in 1992, need has been felt to clearly establish our priorities in the environment and forest sectors and design a programme of action for sustainable management of the environment in the country. Accordingly, the Ministry of Environment and forests brought out a document entitled environment action programme of action of sustainable management of the environment in the country. Accordingly, the ministry of environment and forests brought out a document entitled environment action programme (EAP) in 1993 with the following objectives: 1. To assess the backdrop of the changing economic policies and programme. 2. To review the current policies and programmes which address the various environmental problems of the country? 3. To identify the future direction and thrust of these policies and programmes to establish priorities and outline a strategy for the implementation of these priorities; 4. Identify programmes and projects for a sustained flow of investment resources for improved provisioning of environmental services and intergrating environmental concerns into development projects, and. 5. Identify projects for organizational strengthening for better environmental management. Unfortunately, India does not have at present necessary database in suitable Performa to implement the above objectives. The Ministry of Environment and Forests collects data from agencies like the Central Pollution Control Board, State Pollution Control Boards, Botanical Survey of India, Zoological Survey of India, Ministry of Agriculture, National Wasteland Development Board, Ministry of Urban Development, National Sample Survey Organisation, Central Statistical Organisation, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ministry of Water Resources, Indian Meteorological Department, Central Ground Water Board and a host of other bodies. There are many NGOs which collect data on the environment, besides. All the above information is kept in a very haphazard manner unsuitable for decision making.
The United Nations statistical office (now called United Nations Statistical Division abbreviated as UNSD) also recommended a Framework for Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) in 1983, for uniformity in data presentation. Based on the FDES, the Australian Bureau of Statistics brought out a publication entitled 'Australia's Environment' as early as 1992. UNO also brought out 'The Environment in Europe and North America - Annotated statistics, 1992. Many other countries such as Sweden, Netherlands have brought out publications on environment statistics of their countries. The above publications, together with the report of the Working Group of CSO, may serve as a valuable guide to the Ministry of Environment and Forests in bringing out a publication on India's environment statistics'. It is also suggested that the ministry should have a strong well-equipped statistical cell for dealing with the subject in all seriousness. If need be, MEF should seek expert outside help. It is necessary to highlight that 'environment statistics' is an emerging area of significant implications as there is a close relationship between ecological and environmental degradation and working out of national accounts. The negative effects on environment of various activities have to be considered in national accounts. The negative effects on environment of various activities have to be considered in national accounts but without a well formalized consolidated statement on 'environment statistics', as discussed above, this objective too cannot be achieved.
The role of citizens in protecting environment no doubt is of paramount importance. The Govt. of India has initiated diverse programmes for mass awareness and education in this sphere. The section 19 of the Environment Protection Act has given sufficient strength by way of providing that any person may file a complaint with a Court alleging an offence under this Act. But in general a general indifference to this problem is prevailing among the common mass. The reasons may be many. The most prominent being general unawareness of the damaging effect of environment pollution on human life and utter poverty. Therefore, solution of this problem cannot be confined only to initiating some schemes by the Government but to evolve a strategy backed by a well-formulated policy and implementation programmes and required facilities.
International cooperation contributes significantly in the process of environment related sustainable development. In matter of international cooperation in the sphere of environmental protection, Ministry of Environment and Forest is the nodal agency for United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), South Asia Cooperation Environment (SACEP), International Centre for Development (ICIMOD) and Forest regional bodies and multi-lateral institutions. Coordinates all bye-lateral cooperation environments. India has got cooperation Netherlands, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Great Britain, U.S.A., Russia and Canada. India signatory to the important Treaties/Agreements in the field of Environment viz. i) International Plant Protection Convention; ii) The Antarctic Treaty; iii) Convention on wet land of International importance specially as water Fowl Habitat; iv) International Convention international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna; v) Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone layer; vi) Convention on migratory species; vii) Convention on observation on Bio-diversity; etc. However for making the environment protection programme more effective, the following steps need to be enhanced in the area of international co-operation. 1. Systematic information dissemination and exchange of information 2. Dissemination of research findings in the field of environment protection 3. Comparative legislation and promising solutions at regional and inter-regional level 4. Formation of international professional and scientific council for transfer of knowledge and research findings 5. Publication and inter-change of international review, Newsletters, specialised information material such as technical manuals, Pamphlets, briefs and circulars of specific issues between the countries. 6. Technical cooperation on regional and interregional level. 7. More responsive United Nations role.
Asia Crime Prevention Foundation has given guidelines on the role of criminal law in the protection of the environment this guideline emphasizes on the social responsibilities of all the participants in a system. These guidelines mentioned above are intended to provide for guiding principles, based on an integrated approach, for the enactment, improvement and harmonization of national criminal law on environmental matters in Asia and the pacific region. These guidelines may assist the countries in the region of their capacity building as well as to enhance the regional and international cooperation resulting in sustainable development. The environmental protections at the guidelines include a regional and global level may also be achieved.
Action plan for sustainable development needs to look into a number of factors which are related to technology related issues, revitalizing growth and sustainability, international policies to accelerate sustainable development in developing countries and related domestic policies, integration of environment and development in decision making , sustainable development also relates to quality of life of people which includes sustainable development combating poverty, human health, human settlements, water supplies, environmentally sound management of solid wastes, urban pollution and health, efficient resource use, land resources planning and management, drinking water resources, sustainable agriculture and rural development, sustainable forest development, managing fragile ecosystems. Sustainable development of habitats, mountains and coastal areas, the issue of deforestation and spreading of deserts. Environmentally sound management of biotechnology, safeguarding the ocean's resources, managing hazardous wastes, seeking solution to solid waste problems. Above all, however, is the issue of altering habits, knowledge management and training and development of participant's action for women, equitable development, making environmentally sound technology available to all, science and technology for sustainable development, strengthening legal instruments and mechanisms, bridging the data gap? We need to involve youth, children and women as active participants in developing sustainable development of environmentally health India. In the next module we discuss management of environment and ecology in terms of society.
1. What are the three inter connected pollution types? 2. Discuss role of Information system for sustainable development. 3. What are different types of pollution? 4. How pollution, environment and development are related? 5. Discuss environment protection and development. 6. What are the sources of water pollution?
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