NATURAL AND MAN-MADE ENVIRONMENT AND DISASTERS

Environment disasters could be seen in both natural and man made environments. Nature, Humanity and Development, Disruption of Development by Disasters, Loss of Resources, Interruption of Programs, Impact on Investment Climate, Impact on Non-Formal Sector, Political Destabilization, Development as Causes of Disasters, Development Opportunities Afforded by Disasters. Fundamentals of Disasters, Causal Factors of Disasters, Poverty, Population Growth, Rapid Urbanization, Transitions in Cultural Practices, Environmental Degradation, Lack of Awareness and Information, War and Civil Strife. Phases of Disaster, Rapid Onset Disasters, Slow, Onset Disasters, Characteristics of Particular Hazards and Disasters, Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Tropical Cyclones, Floods, Droughts, Environmental Pollution, Deforestation, Desertification, Epidemics, Chemical and Industrial Accidents. Other Disasters, Social and Political Imperatives, Displaced Persons, The Role of the UN in Complex Emergencies.

SOME ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT ISSUES:

Risk assessment is an important aspect of disaster management. Some of the issues related to this are, assessments for Different Disaster Types, use of Assessment Data ,Destructive Capacity etc, Earthquake Disasters, The Nature, Extreme Event Analysis, Hazard Ecology, Environmental Health Risks, Chemical Load, Cancer and the Environment, Nervous Systems, Reproduction are also important in this regard. Choice, Loss Acceptance, Disaster Aid, Insurance, Risk Management, Infectious Organisms, Willingness to Pay, Feeding Mega doses, Spectacular Deaths, Carcinogens, Stock Taking and Vulnerability Analysis, The General Methodology of Stock-Taking.

FLOOD HAZARDS MANAGEMENT:

Causes of Floods, Floods and Forests, Floods and Environmental Risks, Embankments : Some Technical Problems, The World Bank's Action Plan, Floods and Event Modification, Flood Diversion Measures, Floods and Droughts, Floods and Economic Issues, Protection of Rice Crops by Compartmentalization, Limitations of the Compartmentalization Scheme.

DAMS AND DAMBURSTS:
Environmental Planning and Design of Dams need special attention. Man made environment includes Dams, Barrages and River Diversions and Creation of the Lakes. These could be better designed using Tree Removal and Tree Planting strategies. These also have an Influence on Climate, Archaeological Dam Safety and Aesthetics. Legal Aspects are also important planning. Dams and Irrigation Water have implications for Recreational Activity, and also Flora and Fauna which impact the environment.

TSUNAMI

Is yet another environmental factor, though not a common phenomenon? Aftereffects of Tsunami have been seen as disasters in 2005. There is an urgent need to warn and avoid any eventualities from causing widespread damage.

SEA LEVEL RISE:

Sea level rise is also an environmental factor affecting areas near the sea. There is a need to study Future Sea-Level Change Tendencies. This impacts the Environment of Coastal Wetlands and Sea-Level Rise, Speculations on Weak and Strong Sustainability.

MARINE ENVIRONMENT:
Protection of the Marine Environment, Issues at UNCED, Ocean and Coasts, Conditions and Trends.

COASTAL AND MARINE DEGRADATION:

Changes in the Coastal Zone, Coastal Erosion and Beach Protection, Wave Erosion, Erosion Due to Tidal Storms, Erosion Due to Near shore Currents, Coastal Erosion Caused by Natural Features, Coastal Erosion Caused by Man-Made Structures are some of the issues.

MARINE POLLUTION:

Sources of Marine Pollution are Fisheries and Aquaculture Trends and Aquaculture, Marine Pollution, oil Spills.

GREENHOUSE EFFECT:

Ozone Depletion Issues impact Carbon Dioxide and Plant Growth and effect Ecosystems, How the Greenhouse Effects Works. Greenhouse Gases and Climate, Effects of Climatic Changes.

AIR POLLUTION AND ACID RAIN:

Air pollution, various aspects of air pollution: Urban Air Pollution, Air Pollution Impacts, Air Quality in Mega cities, Comparative Air Quality, Greenhouse Effect and Air Pollution, Trace Pollutants, Metals, Rapidly Rising Trace Gases, Acid Rain : Causes and Culprits, The Environmental Toll, A Man-Made Problem, Hidden Killers, Conservation Efforts : The Acid Test includes Policy Model for Acid Rain in Asia, Acid Rain Problems, Air Quality Trends, Control Strategies, Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

OZONE DEPLETION:

Face of Ozone, Troposphere Changes, the Greenhouse Effect and Destruction of the Ozone Layer.
Scientific Issues, A Scientific Consensus ?, Global Warming and Oceans, The Greenhouse Effects, Coastal Effects (Tide, Surge and Waves), Wind Effects, Summary of Greenhouse Effects on Coastal Structure, Sea-Level Rise, Physical Impacts, Chemical Pollution, Climatic Change, The Climatic Records, The Climate Systems, Global and Regional Changes, Local Changes, Biological Impacts of Global Warming, Agricultural and Ecological Impacts, Global Warming and Canada, Problem Background, The Nature of the Greenhouse Effects of Increasing CO2, Policy Issues, Study of the Economic Impacts of the Greenhouse Effect, The Greenhouse Effect on the Canadian Prairies : A Case Study, Conclusions of the Case Study, Physical and Biological Impacts, International Activities, Global Warming and The USA, Global Warming and Japan, Global Warming and the Netherlands, Action in the Netherlands Today. In Summary, Responding to Global Warming, Intergenerational Transfers and Global Warming, Greenhouse Gases, Economic Aspects of Global Warming are some of the issues to be looked into.

EARTHQUAKE:

Environmental issues related to earthquakes include Ground Shaking, Damage Potential of Ground Shaking, Characterization of Ground-Motion, Landslides, "Quick" clays, Liquefaction, Information, Assessment and Mapping, Perception and Prediction of Earthquake, Prediction, Geological and Geographical Analysis, Strength, Movements, Adjustments, Vulnerability Modification. Magnitude and Ground Motions, Asia, Displacement Studies, Seism tectonic Studies, Equation Indian Ocean Seism city, Internal Stresses Due to Inter plate Deformations, Events Detected, Lake Events, The Influence of Subsoil, The Vulnerability of Buildings, Building - Subsoil Interaction, Catastrophic Loss, Benton tic Clay Deposits and Landslides, Isoseismic Maps, the Himalayas and Zoning of Himalayan Region, Location of Inhabited Places, Population Density Around Epicenters, Magnitude of Earthquake and Spread of Damage Area, The Damages, Steps for Working out the Likely Damages in an Earthquake, Preparation of the Intensity Distribution Map, Effects on Lifelines, Scenario Earthquake, Impact, Assessment, Earthquake Resistant Buildings, Past Earthquakes, Revised Draft Code, Empirical Relations for First Mode Period, Deformations, Detailing, Structural and Architectural Techniques, Validation of Analytical Model, Causes of Non-Structural Damage, Non-Load-Bearing Walls, Doors and Windows, Cladding, Wall Finishes, Parapet Walls, Landscape Element, Suspended Ceilings, Risk, Approaches, Damage Versus Earthquake Resistance, Priority, Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Program Components, Disaster Mitigation Program in India.

Volcano Monitoring is also important in the context of Using Satellite Images for Volcano Monitoring and Detection. Weather Satellite Images, Eruption Early Warning from Satellites, Geographical and Geological Analysis, Global Experiences, Prediction and Containment, Impact Analysis, Reducing Structural Vulnerability, such environmental factors could be analyzed.

MASS-MOVEMENT HAZARDS

Which need to be looked into, Landslides, Rock falls, snow avalanches, Mudflows and Glaciers, Geology, Landslide Information, Event Modification, Vulnerability Modification, Glacier Fluctuations, Types of Glacier Hazard, Laguna Paron, Risk Assessment, Landslide Hazard Potential Map (LHPM), Landslide Hazard Grading (LHG), Neotectonic Conditions are environmental problems.