Example-1:
Select R1 and R2 for maximum output voltage swing in the circuit shown in fig. 5.
Fig. 5
Solution:
We first determine ICQ for the circuit
For maximum swing,
V'CC = 2 VCEQThe quiescent value for VCE is the given by
VCEQ= (3.13 mA) (500 W ) = 1.56 V
The intersection of the ac load line on the vCE axis is V'CC = 3.13V. From the manufacturer's specification, β for the 2N3904 is 180. RB is set equal to 0.1 βRE. So,
RB = 0.1(180 )(100) = 1.8 K W
VBB = (3.13 x 10-3) (1.1 x 100) + 0.7 = 1.044 V
Since we know VBB and RB, we find R1 and R2,
The maximum output voltage swing, ignoring the non-linearity's at saturation and cutoff, would then be
The load lines are shown on the characteristics of fig. 6.
Fig. 6
The maximum power dissipated by the transistor is calculated to assure that it does not exceed the specifications. The maximum average power dissipated in the transistor is
P(transistor)= VCEQ ICQ = (1.56 (V)) (3.13 mA) =4.87 mW
This is well within the 350 mW maximum given on the specification sheet. The maximum conversion efficiency is
The swamped Amplifier:
The ac resistance of the emitter diode r'e equals 25mV / IE and depends on the temperature. Any change in r'e will change the voltage gain in CE amplifier. In some applications, a change in voltage is acceptable. But in many applications we need a stable voltage gain is required.
To make it stable, a resistance rE is inserted in series with the emitter and therefore emitter is no longer ac grounded. fig .7.
Fig. 7
Because of this the ac emitter current flows through rE and produces an ac voltage at the emitter. If rE is much greater than r'e almost all of the ac input signal appears at the emitter, and the emitter is bootstrapped to the base for ac as well as for dc.
In this case, the collector circuit is given by
Now r'e has a less effect on voltage gain, swamping means rE >> r'e If swamping is less, voltage gain varies with temperature. If swamping is heavy, then gain reduces very much.
