Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM):

• Using the above identity, we can have

Considering the same generator, the frequency

The first component in RHS is constant in time and second component is a fast varying component.

Utilizing the filter, the fast varying component can be filtered.

Therefore, the remaining component of constant voltage, , is proportional to the signal from the sample, which is maximum if the phase difference is a multiple of π.

This signal is converted into direct read-out in emu on a digital panel meter.

The typical photoview of VSM setup supplied by LakeShore is shown in Figure 30.04. The sensitivity is 1× 10^-7 emu noise floor at 10 s/pt and operatable over 4.2 K to 1,273 K with the maximum applied field of about 3 Tesla.