The operating modes of EM dominated system are:

• • Mode 1: During startup (Figure 4a), the EM provides the traction power and the ICE remains in the off state.

• Mode 2: During full throttle (Figure 4b), both the ICE and EM provide the traction power.

• Mode 3: During normal driving (Figure 4c), both the ICE and EM provide the traction power.

• Mode 4: During braking or deceleration (Figure 4d), the EM acts as a generator to charge the battery.

• Mode 5: To charge the battery during driving (Figure 4e), the ICE delivers the required traction power and also charges the battery. The EM acts as a generator.

• Mode 6: When the vehicle is at standstill (Figure 4f), the ICE can deliver power to charge the battery via the EM