Power Flow Control Series-Parallel Hybrid

The series-parallel hybrid system involves the features of series and parallel hybrid systems. Hence, a number of operation modes are feasible. Therefore, these hybrid systems are classified into two categories: the ICE dominated and the EM dominated .

The various operating modes of ICE dominated system are:

• • Mode 1: At startup (Figure 3a) , the battery solely provides the necessary power to propel the vehicle and the ICE remains in off mode.

• Mode 2: During full throttle acceleration (Figure 3b), both the ICE and the EM share the required traction power.

• Mode 3: During normal driving (Figure 3c), the required traction power is provided by the ICE only and the EM remains in the off state.

• Mode 4: During normal braking or deceleration (Figure 3d), the EM acts as a generator to charge the battery.

• Mode 5: To charge the battery during driving (Figure 3e), the ICE delivers the required traction power and also charges the battery. In this mode the EM acts as a generator.

• Mode 6: When the vehicle is at standstill (Figure 3f), the ICE can deliver power to charge the battery via the EM