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The different operational and constructional advantages and limitations depending on applications of shell and tube exchangers are summarized in Table 1.1 . TEMA (USA) and IS: 4503-1967 (India) standards provide the guidelines for the mechanical design of unfired shell and tube heat exchangers. As shown in the Table 1.1, TEMA 3-digit codes specify the types of front-end, shell, and rear-end of shell and tube exchangers.

Figure 1.1 . Classification of heat exchangers depending on their applications.