Module 2 : Origin of Life and Evoloution

Lecture 7 : Theories of Evolution (Part-I)

 

2. Other examples of use/disuse to support the Lamarck theory are black smith and rabbit. Blacksmith acquires large biceps muscle as they do rigrous hammering for wielding. Whereas, rabbit develop well developed pinna muscle to move the ear to receive sound waves from different direction to protect them selve from the enemy.  


3. Aquatic Birds: Aquatic birds such as ducks needs to go into the water for food and protection. To achieve this, they spread their toes to float on water. As a result of continuos efforts, they have developed web between the web.


4. Snakes: it is considered that snake had lizard like ancestor with two pairs of fully developed legs. These ancestor needs to hide from the mammals and they prefer to stay in places with dense vegetation, holes and narrow spaces. In this process, they stretch their body to hide in a narrow space and did not use legs. Over the course of time, continuous stretching of the body made it cylindrical and they lost the legs.


5. Deer: It is believed that deer has acquired speed through continuous running in a process to protect himself from the enemies.


6. Cave animals: cave animals stay in low light environment and does not use eye and as a result they lost their vision over the course of time.

Criticism of the theory: Lamarck theory received initial attention but it could not be able to explain several observations. The initial two assumptions are correct; (1) New needs are created by a change in the environment and (2) these characters are acquired by use/disuse of organ and environmental factors. The inheritance of acquired chacarters to the subsequent generation is arguable. There are evidences against the inheritance of acquired characters.


1. The major critism is gathered by experiment performed by August Weismann. According to the Weismann’s theory of continuity of germplasm, animal is made up of two types of cells; Somatic cells and germ cells. The nuclei present in germ cell is responsible for inheritance of characters whereas somatic cells contains nucei which respond to the environmental factors and use/disuse. Hence, acquired characters remains within the somatic cells. As a result this theory supports the idea that acquired characters are not inherited. Weisman conducted a conclusive experiment on rat where he has cut their tails for 80 generations but it didn’t produce rats tailless.


2. Boring of ear (pinna) is practiced in women for thousands years but this chacraters never been inherited.


3. European womens wear tight garments to maintain slender waist but their children have normal waist at birth.