In most cases design rules are unique to each wafer manufacturer. Rules change from fab to fab, process to process.  The design rules for the particular wafer manufacturer should be obtained before the design is begun and consulted during the design. This is especially important in the design of state-of-the-art analog CMOS. However, the principles developed here should remain unaltered while translated to specific processes.

Fig. 3.72: (a) CMOS inverter circuit