The magnetic property, an intrinsic property that quantifies how strongly a given material respond to the applied field, can be measured using several ways depending on the magnitude of the moment in the materials.

Measurement methods:

The measurement devices can be divided into two general categories:

(i) Vector instruments

(ii) Scalar instruments

Vector Instruments:

Instruments that measure the magnetic-field vector magnitude and direction using one of the following methods:

(a) Force

(b) Induction coil

(c) Flux gate

(d) Hall effect

(e) Magnetoresistance

(f) SQUID

Scalar Instruments:

Instruments that measure the magnitude of the magnetic-field only

(a) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

(b) Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) or Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)

In the following lectures, we shall focus on the principle and technical details of various measurements for understanding the magnetic properties of magnetic materials using above two category instruments.