Deoxidation of steel   

Deoxidation can be carried out either by single element such as etc or by mixture of elements such as  etc. Deoxidation by single element is known as simple deoxidation, whereas deoxidation by a mixture of elements is known as complex deoxidation. In both simple and complex deoxidation, oxide is formed; hence it is also termed precipitation deoxidation. Deoxidation is also carried out by carbon under vacuum; which is called vacuum deoxidation. Elements are added in the form of Ferro-alloys  or  etc.

Simple deoxidation can be represented by

(1)

If deoxidation product is pure then activity of   and if elements are in dilute solution

(2)

Where is deoxidation constant and equals to  where  is equilibrium constant.

(3)

Where X and Y are constants and T is temperature. Increase in T increases. Using equations 2 and 3 one can calculate the variation of  with  when  is in small quantity. For larger , interaction parameters need to be considered.