Figure 23.2 shows ladle arc furnace where a cover equipped with three graphite electrodes are shown. The ladle bottom has a porous refractory plug for argon stirring. The ladle furnace is equipped with a hopper for additions of reactants. Fumes are taken out through the roof of the ladle.

The processes are under the following names:

ASEA- SKF: The process uses induction stirring. Induction stirring requires a stainless steel ladle or a stainless steel section of the ladle. Electrodes are used for heating.

Diado ladle furnace: The process is gas stirred. The furnace uses three graphite electrodes with submerged are heating.

FineKl- Mohr  uses  vacuum arc degassing (VAD) the system is under partial vacuum during heating. Argon bubbling is maintained through a porous plug.