4.7.1.1 Electronic polarization vis-à-vis frequency

If ω<< ω_0,e the charges oscillate in phase with the applied field and contribute to dielectric constant.

If ω_0,e = ω, i.e. frequency is equal to the natural frequency of vibration, then resonance occurs and ε_r^' attains a maximum. The charges are 90° out of phase with the applied field and do not contribute to ε_r^'. We witness a maximum loss i.e. high ε_r^''.

If ω_0,e < ω, then in this region field changes its direction too fast compared to the rate at which electrons can move. Hence, electrons do not respond and no polarization results and ε_r^' is equal to 1, i.e. system behaves as if there was no dielectric was present.

If ω<< ω_0,i , the charges oscillate in phase with the applied field and contribute to dielectric constant. The total dielectric constant is now ε_r,e+i^' i.e. both due to ionic and electronic contributions.

If ω₀ < ω i.e. frequency is equal to the natural frequency of vibration, then resonance occurs and ε_r^' attains a maximum. The charges are 90° out of phase with applied field and do not contribute to the dielectric constant and we witness maximum loss i.e. high ε_r^''.

If ω_0,i < ω, then in this region field charges its direction too fast compared to the rate at which ions can move. Hence, ions don’t respond and no ionic polarization results and ε_r^' is ε_r,e^', i.e. the system behaves as if there was no ionic polarization mechanism present.