The symbols used to follow the meaning
employed in the literature on turbulent flows. Lower case symbols indicate
velocity fluctuations, while the upper case symbol is for the time-averaged velocity In the above equation, the turbulent kinetic energy is a time-averaged quantity
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The time- averaged rate of strain and fluctuating rate of strain are
![](images/image193.png)
The first term on the right hand side of the turbulent kinetic energy equation is advection.
Under the assumption of a negligible w-velocity (w=0) it reduces to:
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