Streamlines
The flow pattern is visually brought out in terms of streamlines. For this purpose, the
stream function is first calculated by integrating the velocity field as per the formula
![](images/image182.png)
starting from an exterior point where Here, u and v indicate the time-averaged
velocity components of the flow field. The streamlines are then plotted simply as contours
of constant stream function in the flow domain.
Turbulent kinetic energy budget
The turbulent kinetic energy budget helps in examining how turbulence is spatially
distributed after being produced in the flow field. It also explores the development of
the cascade process that directs the kinetic energy of velocity fluctuations from large
scales towards the small scales, ultimately to be dissipated by molecular-level processes.
Under unique circumstances, reverse cascading, namely energy transfer towards the large
scale structures is also possible.
The equation describing the transport of turbulent kinetic energy is
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