It has been noted by scholars that French travelers of this period have mentioned the beauty of cities like Delhi and Agra and pointed out that the difference between the European cities and these cities was that while the European cities with large workshops were centres of production, Indian cities seemed to have substantial numbers of craftsmen catering specifically to the royal court. On a royal tour the residents of the city also had to move because they made their living by supplying goods to the court. This report described these cities like a military encampment. But this was applicable only to cities like Delhi and Agra in the seventeenth century. It was an exception rather than the rule. External trade had also contributed to urbanization during this period. Goods made in India were sent to West Asian, South-east Asian and European markets. The main centres of this trade during this time were Cambay, Surat, Burhanpur, Satgaon, Chittagong, and Hoogly. The Mughal period witnessed the beginning of the European phase of India’s urban history. The Portuguese were the first to establish new port towns in India—Panaji in Goa in 1510 and Bombay in 1532. They were followed by the Dutch, French and the British.1 1Urbanization during the British period will be covered in the section on Urban Planning (lecture 36-39)