History of Social Problems Theory

The Medical Model

Eitzen et al. (2009: 6-7) contends that early sociologists replied on the medical model to understand society.  They say "universal criteria for normality" and tended to assume that social problems were linked to "bad people."  They were viewed as "abnormal because of mental deficiency, mental disorder, lack or education, or incomplete socialization.

These pathologies were a problem because they threatened to disrupt the moral order (Eitzen et al. 2009:7).

Absolutist Approach to Conditions in Society

In the 1920s and 1930's, using a variation on the above perspective, some sociologists focused on condition in society that fostered social problems.  They investigated the process of migration, urbanization, and industrialization (Eitzen et al. 2009:7).  They looked for "pockets of social disorganization" (e.g., areas of the city that have high rates of in and out migration also have high rates of crime). 

Modern Studies of Deviance

In the recent past, sociologists have returned to "the study of problem individuals" (Eitzen et al. 2009:7).  Eitzen et al (2009) point out two variations in the study of modern deviance.

1. Merton – Social Strain Theory
   Society provides goals and means to achieve those goals.  Deviance occurs when there people recognize the goals, but don't have sufficient means to achieve those goals.
   
2. Labeling Theory
   Others explore the role of society in "creating and sustaining deviance through labeling those people viewed as abnormal.   Social reactions are viewed as the key in determining what a social problem is and who is deviant" (Eitzen et al. 2009:7).

The Subjective Nature of Social Problems

Some argue that what is considered a social problems is dependent on time and audience" (Eitzen et al. 2009:8).  Unemployment is not a problem for everyone.  Nor is racism and sexism.  Pollution is not viewed the same by everyone.

Social Problems or Social Issues?

This perspective explored how “phenomena come to be defined as a social problem” (Eitzen et al. 2009:8). Who influences those decisions?