(Plate 23A : http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&q=Modern+Cup&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&biw
=1328&bih=574&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=G9wfUKL4CIvJrQfJm4CA
Dg ; Aug 6, 2012
Plate23B&C : http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&q=Indus+Valley+artifacts&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_p
w.r_qf.&biw=1328&bih=574&um=1&ie=UTF8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=ttcfUOCvLIurA
fMxICIDQ#um=1&hl=en&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=Indus+Valley+terracotta+pottery&oq=Indus+Valley+terra
cotta+pottery&gs_l=img.12...12609.20321.2.22691.18.16.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0...0.0...1c.Th221KWX2QQ&
pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=35eb4a1b5e944913&biw=1328&bih=574 ; Aug 6, 2012
Plate23C :http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&q=Lotus+leaf&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&biw=1
328&bih=574&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=YdofUK6NI4G4rAeKw4CY
CQ ; Aug 6, 2012)

Cup paradigm is a double-walled concave form made of rigid, non-porous material- terracotta, metal, glazed china, plastics, etc to hold liquid and solids/ semi-solid substance. It is a freestanding structure.  Because of the gravitational factor it can hold liquids inside.  Usually the common objects that man has invented are- bowls, cups, pitchers, and the giant cauldrons used in making steel. However, in nature there are things that have similar properties. The droplets float on the cup shape lotus leaf (plate 23C) has for many year amazed people. A research in 2008 at the Chinese Academy of Sciences has found that, “The top of a floating lotus leaf is a famous example of a superhydrophobic surface that sheds water, and has been used as a model for technologies such as self-cleaning windows. The leaf is covered in a rough surface of waxy projections, which causes water to form beads and slide off.” The discovery has led to many new innovations.
(Ref. http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemScience/Volume/2008/11/water_lotus_leaves.asp ; Aug 13, 2012)

Jar- A jar is containers with lid (pitcher plant) made of nonporous materials capable of holding liquids and has wide mouth. Because of the wide mouth one can put hand inside to extract things. Traditionally sugar (plate 24A), cookies, pickle (plate 24B), lintels, food grains (plate 24C), freshwater storage, etc are being stored in jars. The lid on the wide mouth would protect from external environment. Deep-sea voyages (plate 24D) used such jars for storing fresh water. In nature we find the functioning of Pitcher Plants (plate 24E) in similar way. It traps insects by covering the lid once it falls through the wide mouth.  Jar as a paradigm certainly gave lot of innovative ideas in design.