Mind-boggling Trends in Chip Industry

• Long history since 1971
  • Introduction of Intel 4004
  • http://www.intel4004.com/
• Today we talk about more than one billion transistors on a chip
  • Intel Montecito (in market since July'06) has 1.7B transistors
  • Die size has increased steadily (what is a die?)
    • Intel Prescott: 112mm 2 , Intel Pentium 4EE: 237 mm 2 , Intel Montecito: 596 mm 2
  • Minimum feature size has shrunk from 10 micron in 1971 to 0.045 micron today

Agenda

• Unpipelined microprocessors
• Pipelining: simplest form of ILP
• Out-of-order execution: more ILP
• Multiple issue: drink more ILP
• Scaling issues and Moore's Law
• Why multi-core
  • TLP and de-centralized design
• Tiled CMP and shared cache
• Implications on software
• Research directions