For any civil engineering work, (plane) surveying is required to be carried out applying the principle of "Working from whole to part". During surveying field measurments for horizontal distance, horizontal angles, vertical angles are taken using permanently adjusted instruments. Necessary calculations are done to obtain the required parameters. Finally, a (topographic) map is prepared at appropriate scale, adopting the principle of generalisation of details.

Small scale topographic maps (Figure3.13) of most of the area (of India) are available at Survey Of India.

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