The Satellite Age |
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Some characteristics of this age
are as follows: |
| . |
Overcoming the limitations of radio navigation. |
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Improved radio transmitters |
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Wider coverage: due to
high altitudesof Satellite's
orbit. |
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The accuracy in computing the position depends on the accuracy in computing the location of reference points (satellites). |
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Continuously monitoring of satellite locations and their orbits. |
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24 hr, all weather, 3-D positioning. |
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| Historical
development in satellite positioning |
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High Ranging (HIRAN) system was developed during World war
II. |
| . |
Inertial Survey System (ISS) was developed, which requireed
vehicle (truck or helicopter) to occupy a point of known coordinates
(X, Y, Z) and remain stationary for zero velocity update. |
| . |
Concept of satellite position fixing was tested with the launch
of the first Sputnik satellite by USSR in October 1957. |
| . |
US Navy developed the Navy Navigation Satellite System (NNSS) in 1967, which is commonly known as the Transit system. |
| . |
In mid 1980's US Department of Defense (DoD) began to implement
a second generation, satellite positioning system known as NAVSTAR
(Navigation System with Time and Ranging), commonly
called the Global Positioning System (GPS) which has become fully
operational since January 1994. |
| . |
Russian GLONASS (Global Navigation
Satellite System) similar to GPS and comprises 24 satellites
in three orbital planes. |
| . |
European Commission is developing its own Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS) called GALILEO. |
| |
| Examples
of various satellite navigation systems |
| . |
Transit developed by US
navy |
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TIMATION developed by US
navy |
| . |
SECOR (Sequential Collation
of Range) by US army |
| . |
NAVSTAR GPS by the DoD
USA |
| . |
GLONASS by the Russian Federation |
| . |
PARUS (TSIKADA-M) and TSIKADA |
| . |
Cospas-Sarsat |
| . |
GEO-IK |
| . |
Etalon |
| . |
GALELIO by European
countries |
