Recapitulation

• The shoulder to the concrete pavement could be unpaved or paved. The paved shoulders could be bituminous or concrete type.
• The bituminous shoulder is cheaper than concrete one, but proper maintenance of the joint between the concrete carriageway and bituminous shoulder is difficult.
• Integral concrete shoulder substantially reduces the stress and deflection of the carriageway slab. Thus, there is a possibility that the overall pavement design be economical.