Tunnel and bridge: Tunnels can be either land borne or water borne. Water borne tunnel can be either immersed or submerged tunnels. Land borne tunnel and immersed tunnels are prone to geological risks as they have to be excavated or drilled through uncertain rock mass and soil. Safety at work and disturbance to surface traffic are major concerns especially in municipal areas. Health risks are also encountered if the compressed air has to be used for stability and ground water control. In case of submerged tunnel, the stability of the seabed is an issue at stake during operation stage which could lead to traffic accidents and fire breakouts. This can be a critical risk in case of long tunnels which demands the need for the prevention of it while undertaking the physical design and management of the facilities. In case of bridges, hydrological and weather conditions may impose severe constraints besides the restrictions due to geological conditions. All these could pose technical and design challenges which ultimately affect the completion of project on time and within budget.

Railed transport: Railway systems especially electrified mass transits; typically involve expensive rolling stock and control system. These are normally procured with export and credit financing which is sensitive to political risks.

Airports and ports : Business associated with aviation has to keep pace with ever increasing demand for speed efficiency and new technology. The commercial success of airports also depends heavily on regional or international trader prosperity. Integration with other connecting facilities such as domestic airports and highways is important as delay in the completion of these can affect the projected revenues.

Ports and container terminals need an integrated infrastructure to support its operation. Operation may be adversely affected by the lack of adequate adjoin land for expansion. Throughput (an amount of material or items passing though a system or process) capacity may be affected by the breakdown of cranes forklifts and other equipment labor disputes and extreme weather condition such as typhoons. Ports are prone to changes in tariff regulation and quotas, which affect the shipment of goods for exports. Ports and airports often face political risk as it represents symbols of national pride.

CLASSIFICATION OF RISK

Infrastructure projects are associated with various types of risks. These risks are common to most of the projects under various infrastructure sectors. In order to facilitate management of these risks, they are categorised into groups under various classification schemes. One of the most common classification schemes is to categorize the risks into project risks, financial, and political risks.

Project risks include various risks such as completion risks, performance risks, operation & maintenance risks, financing risks, revenue risks, and input supply risks. Completion risks refer to the risk that project will not be completed on time or within budget. The failure to complete the project on time could be due to other risks such as delay in land acquisition risk or due to permit risk. Permit risk is the risk that necessary permits, approvals, and licenses for construction, investment and financing, and operating could not be obtained on time. Failure to complete the project on time could be due to third party risks, the risks that the project's third parties (i.e. public authority) fail to perform their obligations such as providing connection and utilities for the project or relocation of utilities.

Performance risk is the risk that the project fails to perform as expected on completion. The sources for performance risk could be due to poor design or adoption of inadequate technology.

O&M risks refer to the risks associated with the need for increased maintenance of assets or machinery over the term of the project in order to meet performance requirements leading to cost overruns and reduce the availability of the project.