Tunneling

Tunnels are horizontal underground passages generally used for transporting men and materials. Making caves and tunnels is a very old activity of mankind, which even dates back to 4000 B.C. In the present day, tunnels are used for the following purposes -

• Underground traffic


• Diversion of river water


• Water supply and drainage


• Excavation of precious materials such as coal, iron, gold.


• Military purposes like underground fortification


• Underground power plant, warehouse


• For underground parking places


• Subways and express ways