Module 4 : Applications of Enediyne Antitumor Antibiotics

Lecture 1 : Defining Cancer and Its Various Type-Part-I

4. 1 .2. 2.4. Types of C arcinoma

  1. Epithelial neoplasms
  2.   Squamous cell neoplasms
    1. Squamous cell carcinoma: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC or SqCC) is a cancer of a kind of epithelial cell, the squamous cell. These cells are the main part of the epidermis of the skin, and this cancer is one of the major forms of skin cancer. However, squamous cells also occur in the lining of the digestive tract, lungs, and other areas of the body, and SCC occurs as a form of cancer in diverse tissues, including the lips, mouth, esophagus, urinary bladder, prostate, lung, vagina, and cervix, among others. Despite sharing the name squamous cell carcinoma , the SCCs of different body sites can show tremendous differences in their presenting symptoms, natural history, prognosis, and response to treatment.
  3. Basal cell neoplasms
    1. Basal cell carcinoma: Basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), a skin cancer, is the most common cancer. It rarely metastasizes or kills. However, because it can cause significant destruction and disfigurement by invading surrounding tissues, it is still considered malignant.
  4. Transitional cell carcinomas
  5.   Adenocarcinomas :
    1. Adenocarcinoma : Adenocarcinoma is a cancer of an epithelium that originates in glandular tissue. Epithelial tissue includes, but is not limited to, the surface layer of skin, glands and a variety of other tissue that lines the cavities and organs of the body. Epithelium can be derived embryologically from ectoderm, endoderm or mesoderm. To be classified as Adenocarcinoma, the cells do not necessarily need to be part of a gland, as long as they have secretory properties. Well differentiated adenocarcinomas tend to resemble the glandular tissue that they are derived from, while poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas may not.
    2. Linitis plastica : Linitis plastica , also known as Brinton's disease or leather bottle stomach , is a morphological variant of diffuse (or infiltrating) stomach cancer. Causes of linitis plastica could be lye ingestion or metastatic infiltration of the stomach, particularly breast and lung carcinoma.
    3. Vipoma : A VIPoma (also known as Verner Morrison syndrome , after the physicians who first described it) is a rare (1 per 10,000,000 per year) endocrine tumor, usually (about 90%) originating from non-β islet cell of the pancreas, that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). It may be associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.
    4. Cholangiocarcinoma: Cholangiocarcinoma is a medical term denoting a form of cancer that is composed of mutated epithelial cells (or cells showing characteristics of epithelial differentiation) that originate in the bile ducts which drain bile from the liver into the small intestine. Other biliary tract cancers include pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, and cancer of the ampulla of Vater. Cholangiocarcinoma is a relatively rare neoplasm that is classified as an adenocarcinoma (a cancer that forms glands or secretes significant amounts of mucins). It has an annual incidence rate of 1–2 cases per 100,000 in the Western world, but rates of cholangiocarcinoma have been rising worldwide over the past several decades.
    5. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called malignant hepatoma ) is the most common type of liver cancer. Most cases of HCC are secondary to either a viral hepatitis infection (hepatitis B or C) or cirrhosis (alcoholism being the most common cause of hepatic cirrhosis).
    6. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a rare type of cancer that can exist in many different body sites. It most often occurs in the areas of the head and neck, in particular the salivary glands; but has also been reported in the breast, lacrimal gland of the eye, lung, brain, bartholin gland, trachea, and the paranasal sinuses. It is sometimes referred to as adenocyst, malignant cylindroma, adenocystic, adenoidcystic, ACC, AdCC.
    7. Renal cell carcinoma: Renal cell carcinoma ( RCC , also known as hypernephroma ) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, the very small tubes in the kidney that transport GF (glomerular filtrate) from the glomerulus to the descending limb of the nephron. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 80% of cases. It is also known to be the most lethal of all the genitourinary tumors. Initial treatment is most commonly a radical or partial nephrectomy and remains the mainstay of curative treatment. Where the tumor is confined to the renal parenchyma, the 5-year survival rate is 60-70%, but this is lowered considerably where metastases have spread. It is relatively resistant to radiation therapy and chemotherapy, although some cases respond to immunotherapy. Targeted cancer therapies such as sunitinib, temsirolimus, bevacizumab, interferon-alpha, and sorafenib have improved the outlook for RCC (progression-free survival), although they have not yet demonstrated improved survival.
    8. Grawitz tumor
  6.   Adnexal and Skin appendage Neoplasms
  7. Mucoepidermoid Neoplasms
  8. Cystic , Mucinous and Serous Neoplasms
  9. Ductal, Lobular and Medullary Neoplasms
  10. Acinar cell neoplasms
  11. Complex epithelial neoplasms