6. Heat

a) Factors influencing choice of temperature include Tamman's rule and potential

for volatilization
b) Initial heating cycle to lower temperature can help to prevent spillage and

volatilization
c) Atmosphere is also critical

Oxides (Oxidizing Conditions) – Air, O₂, Low Temps

Oxides (Reducing Conditions) – H₂ / Ar, CO/CO₂ , High T

Nitrides – NH₃ or Inert (N₂, Ar, etc.)

Sulfides – H₂S

Sealed tube reactions, Vacuum furnaces

7) Grind product and analyze (x-ray powder diffraction)

8) If reaction incomplete return to step 4 and repeat.