Historical Advancement of Biotechnology- Biotechnology related activities depend on two parameters: technological advancement and knowledge of available biota. Technological upgradation goes parallel with the over-all understaning of physical and chemical phenomenon in different time periods. Hence, Biotechnology starts as early as human have realized the importance of organism (animal/plants or microbes) to improve their life-style. A systematic chronological description of biotechnological adavancement over the course of different time periods is given in Table 1.1. The earliest biotechnology related activities are selection and cross breeding of high yielding animals, cross breeding of plants to acquire specific phenotype and preserving the seeds of high yielding crop plant for next sowing season. These were few initial scientific experiments and based on the results, human have made significant modification in available biota. In last century, the systematic and scientific study of living objects with advanced technology has given immense potential to human imagination to either genetically manipulate living organism with desired phenotype or mimic metabolic reactions in an in-vitro system (either in test tube or in cells) to produce molecules with therapeutic importance. Such as “Humulin” is the insulin being produced in bacterial expression system and it is now been making life of millions of diabetic patients easier. Similarly during this era, drought, pest or abiotic resistant plants, high milk yielding animals, transgenic bacteria to produce biofuel, degrade environmental hazard or chelation of heavy metal have been developed. In addition, the historical advancement of biotechnology will not be complete without mentioning development of procedure for artificial insemination and test-tube baby for thousands of couples.