Example1: A person walks 300m to the east and 400m to the north to reach his friend's house. What is the total displacement of the person, and what is the total distance traveled by him?

Recall that distance is a scalar quantity. Thus the total distance covered is 700m. Displacement, on the other hand, is a vector quantity so to find the net displacement, we add the two vectors to get a displacement of 500m at an angle from east to north (Figure 7).

Example 2 : Two persons are pushing a box so that the net force on the box is 12N to the east If one of the person is applying a force 5N to the north, what is the force applied by the other person.

Let the force by person applying 5N be denoted by and that by the other person by . We then have

so that

Solution for is given graphically in figure 8. The force comes out to be 13N at an angle of from east to south.

                                                                                   Figure 8

Although graphical way is nice to visualize vectors in two dimensions, it becomes difficult to work with it in three dimensions, and also when many vectors and many operations with them are involved. So vector algebra is best done by representing them in terms of their components along the x, y & z axes in space. We now discuss how to this is done.

To represent vectors in terms of their x,y and z components, let us first introduce the concept of unit vector. A unit vector in a particular direction is a vector of magnitude '1' in that direction. So a vector in that particular direction can be written as a number times the unit vector . Let us denote the unit vector in x-direction as , in y-direction as and in z-direction as . Now any vector can be described as a sum of three vectors , and in the directions x, y and z, respectively, in any order (recall that order does not matter because vector sum is commutative). Then a vector

Further, using the concept of unit vectors, we can write , where A_x is a number. Similarly and . So the vector above can be written as

where A_x, A_y and A_z are known as the x, y, & z components of the vector. For example a vector would look as shown in figure 9.

It is clear from figure 9 that the magnitude of the vector is . Now when we add two vector, say and , all we have to do is to add their x-components, y-components and the z-components and then combine them to get

Similarly multiplying a vector by a number is same as increasing all its components by the same amount. Thus

=

How about the multiplying by -1? It just changes the sign of all the components. Putting it all together we see that

Having done the addition and subtraction of two vectors, we now want to look at the product of two vectors. Let us see what all possible products do we get when we multiply components of two vectors. By multiplying all components with one another, we have in all nine numbers shown below:

The question is how do we define the product of two vectors from the nine different numbers obtained above? We will delay the answer for some time and come back to this question after we establish the transformation properties of scalars and vectors. By transformation properties we mean how does a scalar quantity or the components of a vector quantity change when we look at them from a different (rotated) frame?

Let us first look at a scalar quantity. As an example, we take the distance traveled by a person. If we say that the distance covered by a person in going from one place to another is 1000m in one frame, it remains the same irrespective of whether we look at it from the frame (xy ) or in a frame (x' y' ) rotates about the z-axis (see figure 10).

Let us now say that a person moves 800 meter along the x-axis and 600 meters along the y-axis so that his net displacement is a vector of 1000m in magnitude at an angle of from the x-axis as shown in figure 10. The total distance traveled by the person is 1400m. Now let us look at the same situation frame different frame which has its x' & y' axis rotated about the z- axis. Note that the total distance traveled by the person (a scalar quantity) remains the same, 1400m, in both the frames. Further, whereas the magnitude of the displacement & its direction in space remains unchanged, its components along the x' and y' axis, shown by dashed lines in figure 10, are now different. Thus we conclude the scalar quantity remains unchanged when seen from a rotational frame. The component of a given vector are however different in the rotated frame, as demonstrated by the example above. Let us now see how the components in the original frame and the rotated frame are related.

In figure 11, OA is a vector with A_x = OB , A_y = AB, A_x' = OA' and A_y' = AA'. Using the dashed lines drawn in the figure, we obtain

Similarly

So we learn that if the same vector is observed from a frame obtained by a rotation about the z-axis by an angle θ, its x and y components in the new frame are

One can similarly define how components mix when rotation is about the y or the x- axis. Under the y axis rotation

And under a rotation about the x-axis

Let us summarize the results obtained above:

1. Scalar quantity is specified by a number and that number remains the same in two different frames rotated with respect to each other.
2. A vector quantity is specified by its components along the x, y, and the z axes and when seen from another frame rotated with respect to a given frame, these components change according to the rules derived above.

We are now ready to get back to defining the product of two vectors. Recall that we had a collection of nine quantities:

We are now going to mix these quantities in such a manner that one combination will give a scalar quantity whereas the other one will give us a vector quantity. This then defines the scalar and vector product of two vectors.