To avoid confusion and error particularly in thermodynamic calculations, physical forms of reactants and products should also be mentioned in parentheses of chemical symbols e.g.

(s) solid, (l) liquid and (g) gas 

Balanced equation shows                                                                                                           

• 1 mole of  combines with 1 moles of  to give 2 moles of Cu and 1 mole of  
• 2 moles of  atoms in  from 2 moles of liquid .
• 1 mole of S in forms 1 mole of
• 1 mole of  forms 1 mole of
• 1 mole of  requires 1 mole of to form 2 moles of  and 1 mole of .

How may moles of  are produced when 1 ton of  matte containing  and 40% Fes is converted to liquid  and iron oxide

The balanced chemical equation is

 

Ideal gas law:

Most gases involved in metallurgical processes at high temperature follow ideal gas behavior.

                                                                                           (1)

In the equation 1 P is pressure, T is temperature and n is moles of gas. 1 Kg mole gas at  .

                                                                                                (2)

At any given T and P volume/ mole or no of mole in a given volume of gas is same.

In gas mixtures made up of ideal gases, each component of the mixture obeys the ideal gas law. For component of an ideal mixture contained in a volume V at T

                                                                                         (3)