In electric arc furnace steelmaking scrap + hot metal + directly reduced iron is used to produce plain carbon steel

Electric energy is the principle source of thermal energy. Graphite electrodes are used to supply the current (see figure 2.2). The AC electric arc furnaces are very popular. EAF can be either normal power or ultra high power (UHP) with single or twin shell, with or without bottom stirring or post combustion. EAF generates a considerable noise. Now a days EAF has occupied a unique position in the steel industry: EAF can be switched over easily to produce plain C or alloy steel depending on the market requirements. The details are given in lectures 15,16 and 17.