• The energy dissipated per unit volume per cycle, is related to the applied stress as

where is the damping constant and n the damping index.

• At a very low stress level, =2 and the stress diagram becomes elliptic instead of showing pointed tip

Figure 9.2 : Energy dissipation at different stress level

Generally n varies from 2 to 3. For, higher values of n a modified relationship is used as follows

where J₁, J₂ are the damping constants.