Classification
Vibration control strategy using smart sensors and actuators largely relies on the appropriate choice of smart materials. Commonly used smart materials can be classified into four major groups based on the actuation/sensing mechanisms.
- Piezoelectric
- Magnetostrictive
- Phase-Transition dependent and
- Electro/Magneto Rheological Materials.
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The existence of cross-coupling between mechanical fields (like stress/strain/viscosity) and other fields (like electric/magnetic/thermal) makes these materials very useful for vibration sensing and control.
In the table below, a group of five input-output pairs are shown along with the cross-coupling in material properties, which are commonly exploited for smart sensing and actuation.
Table 30.1: Smart sensing and actuation options
Output Input |
Current/Charge |
Magnetization |
Strain |
Temperature |
Light |
Electric Field |
Conductivity
Permittivity |
Electromagnetic
Effect |
Reverse Piezoelectric Effect
SA |
Ohmic Resistance |
Electro-Optic effect |
Magnetic Field |
Eddy Current Effect |
Permeability |
Joule Effect Magnetostriction
SA |
Magneto-caloric Effect |
Magneto-Optic effect |
Stress |
Direct Piezoelectric Effect
SS |
Villary Effect
SS |
Elastic Modulus |
Thermo-Mechanical Effect
SS |
Photo-elastic Effect
SS |
Heat |
Pyroelectric Effect |
Thermo-magnetization |
Thermal Expansion/Phase Transition
SA |
Specific Heat |
Thermo-luminescence |
Light |
Photo-voltaic Effect |
Photo-magnetization |
Photostriction
SA |
Photo-thermal effect |
Refractive Index |
Note: SS denotes smart sensors and SA denotes smart actuators.
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