During the Middle Ages whenever planning took place it was primarily for military protection. Thus a common feature of the medieval as well as of ancient cities was the circular roads following the lines of fortifications. And there were radial lines running from circular walls to the centre. But we can not assume patterns and planning in all quarters. The living conditions of the poorer citizens were disregarded in medieval times perhaps even more than in the Roman cities. Most streets were a little more than footpaths—more a medium for communication than for transportation—and even in major European cities paving was not widely introduced before the 12th century. When cities expanded beyond the wall the site was changed and new cities emerged about one days walk apart.

Conscious attempts to plan cities reemerged in Europe during the Renaissance (14th to 17th century). Even during this era the aim was improving circulation and providing military defense and equally importantly the glorification of a ruler or a state. From the 16th century to the end of the 18th century many cities were laid out and built with monumental splendor.

The result may have pleased and inspired the citizens but it hardly contributed to their health, to the comfort of their homes or to the efficiency in manufacturing, distribution and marketing.